Hmongs Epilepsy and Americans Epilepsy Essays - Free Essays

Hmongs Epilepsy and Americans Epilepsy Essays - Free Essays Hieu Nguyen English 111 Writing Essay Hmongs Epilepsy and Americans Epilepsy Mar 14, 2016 Hmongs Epilepsy and Americans Epilepsy Science and culture are two different fields but they usually affect mutual. According to theconversation.com, " First, that people of non-western cultures may come to western medicine holding different beliefs about the causes and treatments of illness from those of scientific medicine, causing a culture clash between doctor and patient" (theconversation.com). Sometimes, a different culture is hard for doctors to help their patients. An example is Hmong people in America. Hmong people believe in a shaman, who has the power to heal any diseases. Hmong people have particular ways to help their epilepsy patients. In the past, the Hmong had a separate way to cure epilepsy, but in the current century the Hmong have had a revolution in their beliefs regarding epilepsy. Hmongs culture appeared in ancient times. They mostly live near the border between China, Vietnam, and Laos. According to hmongculture.net, 1810 - Hmong people cross the borders of China into Northern Laos (hmongculture.net). They live in mountainous areas because they think it will protect them from danger. 1976 - The first wave of Hmong immigrants begin to arrive in the United States (hmongculture.net). This was a big step for the Hmong people. In this country, they had to learn a new language and find jobs. Also, in this country, everything is very different culture to their country. "2004 - Another larger group of Hmong people arrives in the United States. There is a steady flow every year in the area of 1000-5000 immigrants" (hmongculture.net). In this century, America keeps accepting Hmong immigrants, because they want provide the opportunity to get a better life in their country. Anne Fadiman is an author, essayist, editor, and teacher. Anne Fadiman has a famous book, it is THE SPIRIT CATCHES YOU AND YOU FALL DOWN is a book written by Anne Fadiman. In this book, Anne Fadiman teaches us about the Hmong medical culture in America. The main actor in her story is Lia, who was born in a Hmong family. Lia's was diagnosed with epilepsy when her family took her to a hospital. Her family did not believe in the diagnoses from the doctors and nurses. Her parents thought her disease was from a spirit in her family. They believed they had to invite a good shaman in their village to help her. According to Anne Fadiman, "They recognized the resulting symptoms as qaug dab peg, which means the spirit catches you and you fall down (Fadiman, 20). A doctor at the hospital tried to investigate Lia's disease history. The doctor wrote, The patient is an 8 month, Hmong female, whose family brought her to the emergency room after they had noticed her shaking and not breathing very we ll for a 20-minute period of time (Fadiman, 28). The author also tells us how Lia's parents talked to her doctors with broken English. They had to use another Hmong person, with marginally better English, to translate. This language barrier presented another challenge for her parents to believe the American doctors. Hmong medical culture is different from American medical culture. In the Hmong tradition, every illness is from the soul. Epilepsy is included as an illness of spirit. Western science teaches doctors and nurses to use medicine, but Hmong people use their Shamans to heal their patients. In the Hmong language, they have different words to call epilepsy. According to Anne Fadiman, In Hmong-English dictionaries, qaug dab peg is generally translated as epilepsy (Fadiman, 20). This word is the name of the spirit Hmong people think is the sources. Epilepsy is a famous illness in Hmong village. It is a very serious and potentially dangerous condition. According to Anne Fadiman, Their seizures are thought to be evidence that they have the power to perceive things other people cannot see, as well as facilitating their entry into trances, a prerequisite for their journeys into the realm of the unseen ( Fadiman,21). However, in American culture doctors and nurses have a different idea about this illness. According to medicinenet.com, Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior,

Culture - Definition, Discussion and Examples

Culture s Culture is a term that refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible aspects of social life. According to sociologists, culture consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that people share in common and that can be used to define them as a collective. Culture also includes the material objects that are common to that group or society. Culture is distinct from social structure and economic aspects of society, but it is connected to them - both continuously informing them and being informed by them. How Sociologists  Define Culture Culture is one of the most important concepts within sociology because sociologists recognize that it plays a crucial role in our social lives. It is important for shaping social relationships, maintaining and challenging social order, determining how we make sense of the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and experiences in society. It is composed of both non-material and material things. In brief, sociologists define the non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language, communication, and practices that are shared in common by a group of people. Expanding on these categories, culture is made up of our knowledge, common sense, assumptions, and expectations. It is also the rules, norms, laws, and morals that govern society; the words we use as well as how we speak and write them (what sociologists call discourse); and the symbols we use to express meaning, ideas, and concepts (like traffic signs and emojis, for example). Culture is also what we do and how we behave and perform (for example, theater and dance). It informs and is encapsulated in how we walk, sit, carry our bodies, and interact with others; how we behave depending on the place, time, and audience; and how we express identities of race, class, gender, and sexuality, among others. Culture also includes the collective practices we participate in, such as religious ceremonies, the celebrati on of secular holidays, and attending sporting events. Material culture is composed of the things that humans make and use. This aspect of culture includes a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets, and clothing, to film, music, literature, and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to as cultural products. Sociologists see the two sides of culture - the material and non-material - as intimately connected. Material culture emerges from and is shaped by the non-material aspects of culture. In other words, what we value, believe, and know (and what we do together in everyday life) influences the things that we make. But it is not a one-way relationship between material and non-material culture. Material culture can also influence the non-material aspects of culture. For example, a powerful documentary film (an aspect of material culture) might change people’s attitudes and beliefs (i.e. non-material culture). This is why cultural products tend to follow patterns. What has come before in terms of music, film, television, and art, for example, influences the values, beliefs, and expectations of those who interact with them, which then, in turn, influence the creation of additional cultural products. Why Culture Matters to Sociologists Culture is important to sociologists because it plays a significant and important role in the production of social order. The social order refers to the stability of society based on the collective agreement to rules and norms that allow us to cooperate, function as a society, and live together (ideally) in peace and harmony. For sociologists, there are both good and bad aspects of social order. Rooted in the theory of classical French sociologist Émile Durkheim, both material and non-material aspects of culture are valuable in that they hold society together. The values, beliefs, morals, communication, and practices that we share in common provide us with a shared sense of purpose and a valuable collective identity. Durkheim revealed through his research that when people come together to participate in rituals, they reaffirm the culture they hold in common, and in doing so, strengthen the social ties that bind them together. Today, sociologists see this important social phenomenon happening not only in religious rituals and celebrations like (some) weddings and the Indian festival of Holi but also in secular ones - such as high school dances and widely-attended, televised sporting events (for example, the Super Bowl and March Madness). Famous Prussian social theorist and activist Karl Marx established the critical approach to culture in the social sciences. According to Marx, it is in the realm of non-material culture that a minority is able to maintain unjust power over the majority. He reasoned that subscribing to mainstream values, norms, and beliefs keep people invested in unequal social systems that do not work in their best interests, but rather, benefit the powerful minority. Sociologists today see Marxs theory in action in the way that most people in capitalist societies buy into the belief that success comes from hard work and dedication, and that anyone can live a good life if they do these things - despite the reality that a job which pays a living wage is increasingly hard to come by. Both theorists were right about the role that culture plays in society, but neither was  exclusively  right. Culture can be a force for oppression and domination, but it can also be a force for creativity, resistance, and liberation. It is also a deeply important aspect of human social life and social organization. Without it, we would not have relationships or society.

Music paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Music paper - Essay Example Among the songs that were performed are â€Å"Both Sides Now,† â€Å"I Don’t Know Where I Stand,† and â€Å"Big Yellow Taxi.† Joni Mitchell is actually Roberta Joan Anderson in real life. She is a Canadian who started her career as a folk singer but later adapted other styles such as jazz and pop. Her influence was mainly derived from jazz artists such as Charles Hancock and Herbie Minugus according to the Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians. What made Joni Mitchell popular is her guitar style that is really refreshing. Technically, most of the songs can be considered homophonic which was given due justice by the deep vocals of Judy Coe. It was like hearing Joni Mitchell herself when you close your eyes. The blending of the instruments were really harmonious but the guitar really stood out as an accompaniment. Over-all, the tone was really easy and light which made the listeners sentimental and relaxed characteristics songs in that genre. After the concert, everybody felt better and happy including

Database Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database - Essay Example In this scenario, IT managers face a lot of challenges in an attempt to bring real business intelligence within time and budget constraints. In the past, when the huge mainframe system empire clasped into a desktop era, IT businesses evolved as well. Additionally, the system storage capacity, processing power, specialized tools and decision-making information were distributed to clients who required freedom of corporate decision making. However, after few years, the pendulum started to shift and with the development of intranets and the Internet connected PC clients formed a networked society that valued information sharing. In this scenario, the IT businesses at the present must develop again. Nowadays they are forced to offer the central data repository and control that illustrate the mainframe era, in addition the rapid decision making and self-directed analysis that grows in the PC era (SAS, 2005), (Jiang et al., 2010) and (Lee & Noah, 1999). Carrefour, which is a France based co rporation, has decided to implement a new technology based solution for overall corporate marketing analysis and decision making. This report will present a detailed analysis of implementation of enterprise intelligence platform at Carrefour. OVERVIEW of Business Carrefour, which is a France based corporation, has decided to implement a new technology based solution for overall corporate marketing analysis and decision making. This report presents a detailed analysis of important aspects of the new enterprise intelligence platform establishment and investigates possible security and confidentiality related issues in customer data in business data warehouse. INTRODUCING NEW ENTERPRISE INTELLIGENCE PLATFORM The basic purpose of implementing enterprise intelligence platform at Carrefour business is to enhance the business productivity and performance through better operational technology solutions. Seeing that, an enterprise intelligence platform is a collection of manual or computer-s upported methods and tools that help manage a number of decision-making activities. In addition, in present day business structure, enterprise intelligence platforms are frequently recognized to be computerized administration information structures to facilitate business owners, decision-makers and executives to determine complicated business issues and challenges. In this scenario, a high-quality enterprise intelligence platform can be helpful for the business staff to carry out a broad range of jobs such as concept ranking, cash flow analysis, product performance development, multistage fore-casting and resource sharing investigation. Furthermore, in the past it was considered as a method or tool for huge corporations, but enterprise intelligence platform has now become equally important tool for small to large size businesses (ReferenceForBusiness, 2011), (Tang, 2006) and (Essaidi, 2010). Enterprise intelligence platform is a wide-ranging group of high-tech and advanced interacti ve computer systems and tools, mainly customizable systems, intended to support business data analysis and managerial decision making. In addition, enterprise intelligence framework is a member of a very large group which is known as management support systems. Furthermore, the main objective of implementing enterprise intelligence platform applications is to build an administrative structure in a more well-organized

Problems Related to Internet Addiction on Children Essay Example for Free

Problems Related to Internet Addiction on Children Essay Internet could be considered as one of the best useful technological invention of our time. One can find every kind of information which s/he looks for on the internet. Because it is very useful, it is used by almost everybody especially by young people. Sometimes using internet too much may cause a serious problem named â€Å"internet addiction†, which affects mostly children. Internet addiction is a serious problem affecting especially children in two possible ways. Firstly addiction to internet influences children negatively regarding their socialisation. Children are affected by internet addiction because it takes too much time. For example, children who spend too much time with computer can not spend enough time with their family. They can not have fun enough with their family. So they evaluate a weak relationship with their family. In addition, spending too much time with computer instead of reading books may cause a weak talking skill. Moreover, not playing classical children games might affect children’s socialisation. Children who spend time with computer instead of playing classical children games with their friends because of internet addiction will probably have weak social relationships in future. Having good childhood friends is vital for having a good adulthood social life. Also, they can not learn how to struggle with real people outside because of lack of playing classical children games. It may cause being unsuccessful in their work life in future. Secondly, using too much internet might contribute to psychological problems in children. Overuse may cause increasing desire to use internet related to insufficient joy. Children addicted to internet can not get the same joy with their first internet using. The jot decreases day by day. They increase their daily internet using time in order to reach the same joy with the joy which they get previous day. Overuse may also cause being aggressive and anxious when being kept away from internet for a long time. These symptoms may even turn into symptoms of depression. Furthermore, children addicted to internet could become not to able to differentiate real life from online life. They may be extremely happy when they reach a higher level in an online game. They do not care about as much as they care about online games. They also identify themselves with virtual characters in online games. To sum up, internet addiction may cause two possible problems on which are related to their socialisation and psychology. Children should be protected from internet addiction in order to be raised as a healthy generation. Parents should make their children attend real activities (such as scouting). They also should limit their children’s internet using time.

Virgil and Dante Essay example -- Virgil Dante Inferno Essays

Virgil and Dante In the note to Canto V regarding Francesca and Paulo, the Hollanders exclaim that â€Å"Sympathy for the damned, in the Inferno, is nearly always and nearly certainly the sign of a wavering moral disposition† (112). Indeed, many of the touching, emotional, or indignation rousing tales told by the souls in Hell can evoke pity, but in the telling of the tales, it is always possible to derive the reasons for the damned souls’ placement in Hell. However, there is a knee-jerk reaction to separate Virgil and, arguably, some of the other souls in limbo from this group of the damned, though, with careful perusal of the text, the thoughtful reader can discern the machinations behind their damnation. Although the dynamic between Virgil and Dante shifts dramatically through Purgatorio, throughout the Inferno, Virgil is the teacher and Dante the pupil, often bordering on an almost father-son relationship. It is the Roman, in Canto V, who asks the famous guiding question, â€Å"What are your thoughts?† (V.111), forcing the Florentine to pause and reason through what he is learning. Again, in Canto XXIV when Dante begins to weary, which is of little wonder: the poem begins at dawn with Dante lost from already being â€Å"so full of sleep† (I.11), Virgil manages to revitalize Dante’s spirits, calling for him to â€Å"Cast off sloth† (XXIV.46) and â€Å"Get to your feet† (XXIV.52), while reminding him of the â€Å"longer stair that must be climbed† (XXIV.55), Purgatory, which lies only a mere ten cantos ahead. Unarguably, this close relationship which forms between the two poets makes the reader’s heart pity Virgil’s damnation. This pity is doubled when one considers Virgil’s special situation: he is in Limbo, the circle of the virtuous pagans, thos... ...le to consider that Dante has erred in his placement of Virgil, noting how successfully that works with the rest of the allegorical levels. Perhaps then the answer and the problem which demands this answer, lies not with Dante or the poem, but within the reader. It is easy to identify with Dante, a man riddled with flaws; Virgil then becomes closer as a father figure. Thus, all the complex emotions wrapped in the bizarre web of paternity are translated onto Virgil. When one sees Virgil, one sees oneself; one sees one’s father. The damnation of the Roman I puzzling, paradoxical, and confusing, but not unjustified: many other souls in Hell fall under the same category. That to pity Virgil is to pity the part of ourselves which fears damnation and to pity our family before considering justice, is a lesson which can only be learned in the fire and ice of Hell. Virgil and Dante Essay example -- Virgil Dante Inferno Essays Virgil and Dante In the note to Canto V regarding Francesca and Paulo, the Hollanders exclaim that â€Å"Sympathy for the damned, in the Inferno, is nearly always and nearly certainly the sign of a wavering moral disposition† (112). Indeed, many of the touching, emotional, or indignation rousing tales told by the souls in Hell can evoke pity, but in the telling of the tales, it is always possible to derive the reasons for the damned souls’ placement in Hell. However, there is a knee-jerk reaction to separate Virgil and, arguably, some of the other souls in limbo from this group of the damned, though, with careful perusal of the text, the thoughtful reader can discern the machinations behind their damnation. Although the dynamic between Virgil and Dante shifts dramatically through Purgatorio, throughout the Inferno, Virgil is the teacher and Dante the pupil, often bordering on an almost father-son relationship. It is the Roman, in Canto V, who asks the famous guiding question, â€Å"What are your thoughts?† (V.111), forcing the Florentine to pause and reason through what he is learning. Again, in Canto XXIV when Dante begins to weary, which is of little wonder: the poem begins at dawn with Dante lost from already being â€Å"so full of sleep† (I.11), Virgil manages to revitalize Dante’s spirits, calling for him to â€Å"Cast off sloth† (XXIV.46) and â€Å"Get to your feet† (XXIV.52), while reminding him of the â€Å"longer stair that must be climbed† (XXIV.55), Purgatory, which lies only a mere ten cantos ahead. Unarguably, this close relationship which forms between the two poets makes the reader’s heart pity Virgil’s damnation. This pity is doubled when one considers Virgil’s special situation: he is in Limbo, the circle of the virtuous pagans, thos... ...le to consider that Dante has erred in his placement of Virgil, noting how successfully that works with the rest of the allegorical levels. Perhaps then the answer and the problem which demands this answer, lies not with Dante or the poem, but within the reader. It is easy to identify with Dante, a man riddled with flaws; Virgil then becomes closer as a father figure. Thus, all the complex emotions wrapped in the bizarre web of paternity are translated onto Virgil. When one sees Virgil, one sees oneself; one sees one’s father. The damnation of the Roman I puzzling, paradoxical, and confusing, but not unjustified: many other souls in Hell fall under the same category. That to pity Virgil is to pity the part of ourselves which fears damnation and to pity our family before considering justice, is a lesson which can only be learned in the fire and ice of Hell.

Forklift Safety

Forklift Safety 1 Forklift Safety Many industries and operations (manufacturing, agricultural and warehousing) use powered industrial trucks (including forklift trucks or lift trucks) routinely in the workplace. Forklift trucks are used to move, raise or lower objects that are stored in containers or on pallets to other areas of the workplace. Their use helps to improve workplace productivity and reduces the need for excessive manual handling of goods and objects by employees.However, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health there are around 100 fatalities and 20,000 serious injuries each year. Here, in the USA, as a result of forklift truck incidents. Pre Operational Check Pre operational check is the single most important part of operating a forklift. Without properly doing so, you are asking for a disaster. Possible injuries or death to yourself or others could vary likely happen under the wrong circumstances. The equipment you are operating is subjec t to failure, and it is just a matter of time until it does.It is the operators responsible to check for these failures. OSHA requires that all forklifts be examined at least daily before being placed in service. Forklifts used on a round-the-clock basis must be examined after each shift. [29 CFR 1910. 178(q)(7)]. The operator should conduct a pre-start visual check with the key off and then perform an operational check with the engine running. The forklift should not be placed in service if the examinations show that the vehicle may not be safe to operate.A vehicle in need of repair, defective or in any way unsafe, should not be driven and should be Forklift Safety 2 taken out of service immediately. Any problems should be recorded on the appropriate documents and reported to a supervisor. Forklift Capacities and Load Handling There are many different types of forklift trucks with different load capacities and they differ for specified maximum weight and forward center of gravity f or a load. Worker injuries mainly occur as a result of falls from forklift, forklift overturn, pedestrian collision and crushing ncidents. Operator falls can result as the worker ascends or descends into the driver cab or is ejected from the vehicle in the event of a collision or other incident. Forklift trucks may overturn as a result of overload, unequal center of gravity of the load or travel over an uneven surface causing the vehicle to topple over. Forty-two percent of forklift fatalities are caused by the operator trying to jump from a tipping vehicle. Wearing your seat belt is the best safety measure.Pedestrian co-workers, without adequate preventative measures, are at risk from forklift collision or accidents associated with an unsafe load. Forklift Training Standards There are strict standards in relation to forklift training, operation and maintenance. For example, people under the age of 18 years, in non-agricultural industries, are not permitted to operate a forklift tru ck. All forklift operators must have undergone practical training before operation of a forklift and are required to undertake refresher courses throughout their operating careers.Powered industrial trucks must also comply with standards as defined in the Forklift Safety 3 â€Å"American National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, ANSI B56. 1-1969†. The OSHA standards that employers and employees must adhere to are those as stated in the General Industry Standards. â€Å"Powered industrial trucks†, and standards for Marine Terminals (29 CFR 1917 Subpart C, â€Å"Cargo handling gear and equipment†) and Longshoring (29 CFR 1918 Subpart G, â€Å"Cargo handling gear and equipment other than ship's gear†).There are other directives and regulations that employers should be aware of. OSHA and NIOSH both comprehensively outline regulations or signpost employers and employees to all the regulations that apply. Conclusion Not just the workers working in the vi cinity, but even the forklift operator themselves are vulnerable to accidents which can result in minor or severe injury or even death. Forklift safety rules stress on lawful riding, speed limits, unauthorized operations, proper signals and load carrying capacity.Most often, accidents occur when these rules are not followed properly. Accidents are unfortunate mishaps which could take place anywhere, same is the case with forklift accidents. Though they can't be totally prevented, it is possible to minimize them by providing proper training to the operators, taking some safety measures and making use of our presence of mind. When you are operating equipment in an unsafe manner, not only are you endangering your life, but also those around you. Always remember, safety comes first. Forklift Safety Forklift Safety 1 Forklift Safety Many industries and operations (manufacturing, agricultural and warehousing) use powered industrial trucks (including forklift trucks or lift trucks) routinely in the workplace. Forklift trucks are used to move, raise or lower objects that are stored in containers or on pallets to other areas of the workplace. Their use helps to improve workplace productivity and reduces the need for excessive manual handling of goods and objects by employees.However, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health there are around 100 fatalities and 20,000 serious injuries each year. Here, in the USA, as a result of forklift truck incidents. Pre Operational Check Pre operational check is the single most important part of operating a forklift. Without properly doing so, you are asking for a disaster. Possible injuries or death to yourself or others could vary likely happen under the wrong circumstances. The equipment you are operating is subjec t to failure, and it is just a matter of time until it does.It is the operators responsible to check for these failures. OSHA requires that all forklifts be examined at least daily before being placed in service. Forklifts used on a round-the-clock basis must be examined after each shift. [29 CFR 1910. 178(q)(7)]. The operator should conduct a pre-start visual check with the key off and then perform an operational check with the engine running. The forklift should not be placed in service if the examinations show that the vehicle may not be safe to operate.A vehicle in need of repair, defective or in any way unsafe, should not be driven and should be Forklift Safety 2 taken out of service immediately. Any problems should be recorded on the appropriate documents and reported to a supervisor. Forklift Capacities and Load Handling There are many different types of forklift trucks with different load capacities and they differ for specified maximum weight and forward center of gravity f or a load. Worker injuries mainly occur as a result of falls from forklift, forklift overturn, pedestrian collision and crushing ncidents. Operator falls can result as the worker ascends or descends into the driver cab or is ejected from the vehicle in the event of a collision or other incident. Forklift trucks may overturn as a result of overload, unequal center of gravity of the load or travel over an uneven surface causing the vehicle to topple over. Forty-two percent of forklift fatalities are caused by the operator trying to jump from a tipping vehicle. Wearing your seat belt is the best safety measure.Pedestrian co-workers, without adequate preventative measures, are at risk from forklift collision or accidents associated with an unsafe load. Forklift Training Standards There are strict standards in relation to forklift training, operation and maintenance. For example, people under the age of 18 years, in non-agricultural industries, are not permitted to operate a forklift tru ck. All forklift operators must have undergone practical training before operation of a forklift and are required to undertake refresher courses throughout their operating careers.Powered industrial trucks must also comply with standards as defined in the Forklift Safety 3 â€Å"American National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, ANSI B56. 1-1969†. The OSHA standards that employers and employees must adhere to are those as stated in the General Industry Standards. â€Å"Powered industrial trucks†, and standards for Marine Terminals (29 CFR 1917 Subpart C, â€Å"Cargo handling gear and equipment†) and Longshoring (29 CFR 1918 Subpart G, â€Å"Cargo handling gear and equipment other than ship's gear†).There are other directives and regulations that employers should be aware of. OSHA and NIOSH both comprehensively outline regulations or signpost employers and employees to all the regulations that apply. Conclusion Not just the workers working in the vi cinity, but even the forklift operator themselves are vulnerable to accidents which can result in minor or severe injury or even death. Forklift safety rules stress on lawful riding, speed limits, unauthorized operations, proper signals and load carrying capacity.Most often, accidents occur when these rules are not followed properly. Accidents are unfortunate mishaps which could take place anywhere, same is the case with forklift accidents. Though they can't be totally prevented, it is possible to minimize them by providing proper training to the operators, taking some safety measures and making use of our presence of mind. When you are operating equipment in an unsafe manner, not only are you endangering your life, but also those around you. Always remember, safety comes first.

A Generation Set Aside

Often we hear of the generation gap — that huge expanse between parent and child. Perhaps it is an acquaintance gap. Young people and adults do not know each other. The inability to communicate often enters the picture. Sometimes it is because neither knows what the other is interested in. They live under the same roof, but they rarely see one another, especially after the teenage years come along. The father goes off to work before the children are awake. Mother may go back to bed after seeing the husband off to work; or off to her own job. Teenagers get themselves up and off to school without seeing either parent. Then after school there is ball practice, band practice, or something else that consumes their time; maybe a job that lasts until bedtime. Parents have things that tie them up in the evenings; so the days come and go, and there is precious little time spent together. A meal together is even a rare occasion. All of these activities may be wholesome and proper, but still the family suffers because there is so little time spent together. This causes many children to make too many decisions on their own, and so often they will leave important and crucial matters out of their thoughts and plans. This generation often gets labelled by the media and the older people in society as the â€Å"youngsters who are tearing this country apart. † The fact of the matter is that we are a product of our parent’s mistakes and remain to be misunderstood. In the past several years we have seen much media attention focused on the generation that followed the boomers, popularly known as Generation X. Born between the mid-1960s and early 1980s, this is the most complex of the generation, and by far the least understood in spite of its current celebrity. This generation can best be described as the â€Å"Misunderstood Generation. † They are the generation that dealt with and are still dealing with broken homes, drug addiction, AIDS, and bleak futures. A great deal of the young people in this â€Å"Misunderstood Generation† think very little about the future or present issues. This generation has lost sight of long terms goals and the idea that hard work pays off in the end. Instead, the people in this generation concern themselves only with what will bring immediate satisfaction and gratification. This part of society cares only about money and themselves, never thinking about the consequences of their actions. The â€Å"Misunderstood Generation† feels overwhelmed with the idea of a country with a multi- trillion dollar deficit, a high rate of poverty, and relatively no jobs. The â€Å"Misunderstood Generation† wants less out of life. This generation has evolved from the children that came home from school to an empty house because mom had to go back to work after the divorce. This is the generation that got its morals from watching T. V. after school and was parented by an older brother or sister. This is the generation that has unconventional ways and does not always reason for them. They are uncertain and need answers. They poke and prod to find what is lying ahead. They have loud voices but are seldom heard. This is the generation which has high expectations and are often disappointed. I, as well as all of the others born in my generation, were unleashed into an ever changing world. The advances of today can easily be old news tomorrow. Along with this they, the people who have lived and controlled up until this day, have allowed the respect of the living to dwindle with the consistently increasing ease of everyday life. Transportation from one point to another can be the simplest of tasks. Communication with someone in any far off land can be reached with just the touch of a button. And access to almost all the information the world has to offer is free for all with the use of the Internet. No other group of people have grown up with these things as being such the standards and necessities of life and living that they are today. We have never had a war in our country. All of the wars that might have occurred while we’ve lived our young lives could only be seen through the glare of the t. v. The same thing that has totally been a part of our life feeding us knowingly false images of what it means to â€Å"be†, but which seems to relate to us all. The same thing, however, does indeed show us the horrors of ever increasing crime and the vitality of these acts. Living has become an easier accomplishment with every new device, but with each new mark we leave on this world a new problem arises for us and all that follow. Today the marks are abundant and the affects are already in motion. This is what has made us a generation set aside and why it appears that we are some wonder to the rest of society. Tomorrow, however, we will wonder the same. I believe movies such as Clerks, Reality Bites, and Boyz N the Hood accurately portray the â€Å"Misunderstood Generation. All of these movies deal with real life problems of this generation and have characters that seem extremely life like. For example, in the movie Reality Bites, the main female character gets out of college to discover that she can’t find a job making much more than minimum wage. Another character in the movie gets fired regularly from different minimum wage jobs, lives with different friends from week to week, and only worries about what will make him happy. These movies reflect the â€Å"Misunderstood Generation† in a way that all people can try to understand what it is like to grow up this day in age. This is a generation that has never known a world without televistion. In my own research I have found that all this and much more to be true. A male 18, says â€Å"In ten years I see myself employed in my field of study and with my first girlfriend. † When I asked him when the turning point of his live was he said; â€Å"It sounds really funny but it was when I read Catcher In the Rye. I went through a psychotic and depressing state of mind, after which I made a pact not to waste time and make the best out of every second of my existence. His was just an example that justifies the fact that there are many things that could influence the awaking of an individual. A male 17, wrote â€Å"I don’t think that we aren’t so complex, just that the real complexities of young people are finally being treated seriously and studied for the first time† when he was asked what his feelings were towards the statement; â€Å"Generation X is considered to be the most complex but least understood generation† Role models and heroes paly a crucial part in the decision-making of today’s youth. Many of us look to somebody who’s popular, good-looking and successful to imitate, look up to and take advice from. Xers will sacrifice their lives for a worthy cause. Many are ready to do so now. But we need evangelists who will take the time to befriend us and listen to us and be genuine the whole time. I am not too aggravated with the statement â€Å"Generation X is considered to be the most complex but least understood generation† anymore. After all, everybody is different, society is different, and lets face it, I am only one of the thousands maybe even millions of gen exers out there.

Strain Theory and Postpartum Psychosis

Strain Theory and Postpartum Psychosis Free Online Research Papers Strain theory is based on the concept anomie. Anomie first defined by Emile Durkhiem (1858-1917) and means the state of normlessness. The basic concepts suggest that when social norms become disorganized an increase in deviant behavior will occur as a reaction to the loss of a social cohesion. It is believed that once success is lost whether by choice or due to any other action, severe problems can occur. (Cullen 2006) On the morning of June 20, 2001, Andrea Yates, 36 years old, systematically drowned her five children, one-by one, in her upstairs bathtub (Feldman, 2001). Born on July 2, 1964, the youngest of five, Andrea grew up, reportedly, in a normal, church-going family (Feldman, 2001). While attending high school, she was captain of the swim team and graduated valedictorian of her class (Feldman, 2001). After graduating high school, Andrea attended the University of Texas School of Nursing at Houston and became a registered nurse (Feldman, 2001). She practiced nursing from 1986 to 1994 at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Bernstein, 2001). In April of 1993, Andrea married her boyfriend of four years, Russell Yates, a NASA computer engineer (Bernstein, 2001). Ten months after their wedding, Andrea gave birth to their first child, Noah, left the nursing profession, and became a full time mom (Bernstein, 2001). Friends report that Russell Yates insisted that his wife stay home after giving birth to their first child (Bernstein, 2001). Evidently, Andrea did not complain and agreed to quit her job and give up her career, to stay at home with her son (Feldman 2001). Her mother states that she supported her daughter’s decision to stay at home, especially since her daughter and son-in-law planned to have as many children as God would allow (Feldman 2001). Within 4 years, Andrea had two more children, John and Paul. By all reports, Andrea, Russell, and the three boys were a happy, healthy family (Teachey 2001). Friends state that they saw no signs of depression in Andrea during this period, and described Andrea as â€Å"a model of mental stability and patience as she reared her children† (Bernstein, 2001, p. 5). It was not until the birth of her fourth child, Luke in 1999, that Andrea began to exhibit symptoms of depression. It was soon after Luke’s birth that Andrea first attempted suicide. A few months later, after the death of her father and her second unsuccessful suicide attempt, she was hospitalized (Feldman 2001). Her mother describes her as being overextended and being unable to handle the job of raising her family (Feldman, 2001). During her hospitalization, her doctor, Dr. Eileen Starbranch, diagnosed her as â€Å"having major depression with severe, recurrent psychotic features† (Teachey, 2001b, p. 4). Dr. Starbranch further cautioned that Andrea’s condition could â€Å"spiral downward†¦[and] surely guarantee future psychotic depression† (Teachey, 2001b, p. 4) if she were to have more children. Andrea told her psychiatrist that she had been having homicidal thoughts since the birth of her first child and that her suicide attempt was to  "prevent herself harming others† (Teachey, 2001b, p. 3). However, her mother stated that although she was not back to normal, the hospital stay and the anti-psychotic medication ameliorated Andrea’s mental condition (Feldman, 2001). Less then 2 years later, Andrea once again gave birth, this time to a girl, Mary (Teachey, 2001b). Four months later, in April of this year, Andrea was again admitted to a mental hospital for depression, and then again in May. Her husband acknowledged that she had become â€Å"paranoid, withdrawn, and emotionally numb† (Teachey, 2001, p. 4). After a 10-day hospital stay in May, Andrea was declared not to be suicidal and was released (Teachey, 2001a). Continuing an outpatient program until May 22, Andrea appeared to have improved with the help of the anti-psychotic drug Haldol and anti-depressant drugs (Teachey, 2001a; Colb, 2001). However, her husband asserts that she had begun to deteriorate again right before the murders, after she had been taken off the anti-psychotic drugs (Teachey, 2001a). Her family declared that they were worried she may harm herself but never contemplated that she would harm the children (Feldman, 2001). After months of thinking about killing her children, on June 19th, Andrea Yates decided it was time (Teachey, 2001b). The next morning, June 20, 2001, about an hour after her husband left for work, Andrea Yates began to mercilessly drown her children (Glenn, Rendon, Bernstein, 2001). The police report alleges that Noah walked in on his mother murdering his baby sister, that she turned toward her oldest son, and commanded him to â€Å"get in† the tub (Colb, 2001). Purportedly, Noah began to run; Andrea chased him down, struggled with her son, and finally, overpowered him and drowned him, as she had done with his four younger siblings (Colb, 2001). The police were summoned to the Yates’ home by Andrea Yates (Glenn et al., 2001). The caller only asked the police to come to her house but did not give the police any specifics as to why (Glenn et al., 2001). After the first phone call to the police, she called her husband at work and stated only that he had â€Å"better come home† (Glenn et al., 2001, p. 4). Described by police as wet and panicked, Andrea opened the door to the police, in a torn shirt, and stated, â€Å"I killed my kids† (Glenn et al., 2001, p. 1). Andrea led the police to an upstairs bedroom where they found John, 5, Paul, 3, Luke, 2, and Mary, 6 months, on a bed covered with a sheet. The eldest, Noah, 7, was discovered still floating, lifeless in the bathtub (Texas Woman†¦, 2001). Charged with five counts of capital murder, Andrea Yates was found competent to stand trail, and while sitting and waiting, under suicide watched in the psychiatric unit at the Harris County Jail, for her trial (Teachey, 2001b). Doctors had placed her on anti-psychotic drugs, and she reportedly came out of the comatose state she was in when she first arrived. According to the defense’s psychiatrist, Steven Rubenzer, Andrea believed she had â€Å"somehow damaged her children irreparably† (Colb, 2001, p. 2), and that she â€Å"wasn’t a good mother [and had] neglected them† (Teachey, 2001b). Dr. Rubenzer diagnosed Andrea with Postpartum Psychosis (Williams, 2001). A Houston jury of six men and six women found Andrea Yates not guilty of murder by reason of insanity after deliberating more than 12 hours over a three-day period. Yates was on trial for the drowning deaths of only three of her children Mary, 6 months; John, 5; and Noah, 7 at not for the deat hs of Luke, 2 and Paul, 3. This was her second trial for murder after her first murder conviction was overturned on appeal. (http://crime.about.com/b/2006/07/26/andrea-yates-not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity.htm) What causes a mother to kill her children? There are several terms to describe these abhorrent acts: neonaticide, the killing of a child within the first 24 hours of life; infanticide, the killing of a child within the first 12 months of life, filicide; the killing of a child over 1 year-old by the child’s parent, also a general term used for killing one’s own child; and familial filicide, the mass murder of children by a blood relative (Sadoff-Rober, 1995; Guileyardo, Prahlow, Barnard, 1999). Regardless of terminology, filicide has been documented in every culture throughout history. During ancient civilizations, children with birth defects were killed due to the belief they were a bad omen. Some cultures have condoned the killing of children who were sick or weak because they were a drain on resources and finances. It is well documented that in Chinese and Japanese cultures parents have routinely killed female children due to the notion that having a female is shameful (Pitt Bale, 1995). In modern western cultures, due to the thought, that killing one’s own child is a horrific act, the killing of one’s children has been the focus of much research. The study of filicide has produced many classification systems to help identify, categorize, and understand child murder (Pitt et al., 1995; McKee Shea, 1998). Resnick proposed that to have an understanding of the women who commit these types of crimes; one must first differentiate between the offenders who commit neonaticide and those who commit filicide, a child over 1 day-old (Pitt et al., 1995). Mothers that commit neonaticide tend to be younger (late teens to early twenties), unmarried, immature, sexually submissive, and, although they rarely seek abortion, they make no plans for the birth and care of their child (Pitt et al., 1995). Fear and guilt are postulated to be the primary reasons for the killings (Pitt et al., 1995). The women who commit filicide are quite different. They are older (late twenties or older) and quite often married (Pitt, 1995). Psychologically they tend to be more depressed, psychotic, have high suicide ideations, and have a higher suicide attempt rate compared to neonacidal mothers (Pitt et al., 1995). In 1969, Resnick studied 88 cases of maternal filicide and classified them into 5 categories according to apparent motive; altruistic filicide, acutely psychotic filicide, unwanted child filicide, accidental filicide, and spouse revenge filicide (Pitt et al., 1995; Haapasalo et al., 1999). Resnick found the majority of mothers killed for altruistic reasons, meaning they felt the need to kill their child to save them from a real or imagined inescapable doom (Pitt et al., 1995; Haapasalo et al., 1999). Scott developed a similar classification system in 1973, which listed 5 categories based on the impulse to kill. These included elimination of unwanted children, mercy killing, gross mental pathology, stimulus arising outside the victim, and stimulus arising from the victim. In 1979, D’Orban, established his classification system, which is very similar to Resnick and Scott’s. His system classified maternal filicide into: battering mothers, mentally ill mothers, neonati cide, retaliating mothers, mothers who killed unwanted children, and mercy killings. Lastly, Guilryardo et al., (1999) developed a 16-item subtype scale, which included altruism, psychosis, and postpartum depression (Guilryardo et al., 1999). One common category throughout all the classification systems is that of pathological filicide, or rather, filicide committed during some type of psychological disturbance. As in the case of Andrea Yates, Resnick found that in persons who commit filicide, 75% had â€Å"psychiatric symptoms prior to committing† the murderous act (Guileyardo et al., 1999 p. 291). Another study by Silverman and Kennedy (1998), found 67% of mothers who commit filicide to be mentally ill (Haapasalo Petaja, 1999). Additionally, mothers who kill children over the age of 1 year-old tend to have â€Å"severe depression† (Haapasalo et al., 1999). It is reported that 70-80% of women experience â€Å"baby blues† after giving birth. Baby blues is marked by mood swings and a mild depression and that lasts no longer then two weeks (Oglesby, 2001). A more severe form of depression that occurs with childbirth is postpartum depression. This form develops in 10% to 20 % of new mothers. This more chronic form of depression lasts longer then two weeks but usually not more then a year, and is treatable with anti-depressants. Postpartum psychosis, which is the mo st serious form of depression developed after childbirth, is only diagnosed in about 1 out of 1,000 women (Oglesby, 2001). Notably, women who experience postpartum depression have a 50% chance of redeveloping depression again in a subsequent birth (Oglesby, 2001). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV) Postpartum Mental Disorder, a metal disorder related to pregnancy, can induce â€Å"a major depressive disorder†¦to a brief psychotic disorder† (Guileyardo et al., 1999 p. 288). This disorder can cause a severe depression without psychotic features, involve command hallucinations to kill a child, or entail obsessive thoughts regarding killing or harming the child (Guileyardo et al., 1999). While the concept of postpartum depression and /or psychosis, explains the mental state of an offender, what motivates these individuals to kill? Obviously, a large majority of the women that develop the rarest form of postpartum depression, that of postpartum psychosis, do not kill their children. Back in 1960, Satten, Menninger, Rosen, and Mayman researched murder without apparent reason in an attempt to explain â€Å"rational, coherent, and controlled†¦ [yet] senseless† (p. 48) murders perpetrated by â€Å"sane† individuals. They postulated that the individuals who committed these types of murders suffered from a specific syndrome in which they were â€Å"predisposed to lapses of ego control† (Satten, et al., 1960, p. 48). The unstable ego defense system allows for â€Å"periodic breakthrough of intense aggressive impulses† (Satten et al., 1960, p. 52). In other words, because the individual does not have a well-developed defense system, they are unable to deal with stress and attacks on past unconscious traumatic events. Therefore, when stress does occur, they become unstable and act out violently (Satten et al., 1960). After the attacks the offenders rarely remember the details and describe themselves as being in a dissociate state (Satten et al., 1960). While this accounted for impulsive, seemingly unprovoked attacks on relative strangers, it does not explain maternal filicide. To achieve a better understanding of this phenomenon, one must evaluate the concept of the Catathymic Process on a motivational spectrum. Schlesinger developed a motivational spectrum to classify all types of crime (Schlesinger, 2001). This spectrum utilizes a continuum from â€Å"external motivations for crime† to â€Å"internal motivations for crime† being on opposite ends, with situational, impulsive, and catathymic motivations situated between them. For example, a contract killer’s motivation is external, usually monetary. There is no mental illness or an internal stimulus that is â€Å"compelling† him to kill. On the other end of the spectrum, internal motivation is an individual whose motivation to commit a certain crime is overwhelmingly internal. They may feel a compulsion to commit the crime, as a sexual sadistic murderer does, with little or no external motivations (Schlesinger, 2001). Catathymic motivation, according to the spectrum, is m ostly internal with external stimuli playing a minor role. The term catathymia, from the classical Greek dictionary means â€Å"in accordance with emotions† (Schlesinger, 1996). In 1912, the concept of catathymic behavior was first introduced by Maier, however, it was Wertham who first utilized the idea in the forensic setting (Wertham, 1978). His five stages of the catathymic crisis are: 1. An initial thinking disorder, which follows an original precipitating (or traumatic) circumstance. 2. Crystallization of a plan, when the idea of a violent act emerges into consciousness. The violent act is seen as the only way out. Emotional tension becomes extreme, and thinking becomes more and more egocentric. 3. Extreme emotional tension culminating in the violent crisis, in which a violent act against oneself or others is attempted or carried out. 4. Superficial normality, beginning with a period of lifting of tension and calmness immediately after the violent act. This period is of varying length, usually several months. 5. Insight and recovery, with the reestablishment of an inner equilibrium. Wertham believed that catathymic crisis â€Å"is indispensable for an understanding of certain forms of violent behavior† (Wertham, 1978). Catathymic motivations represent crimes that seem relatively unmotivated (Schlesinger, 2000). It is postulated that a catathymic crisis is a psychological process that is activated by an emotional situation that is connected to underlying ideas (Schlesinger, 1996). In other words, the individual has underlying unresolved conflicts, ranging from self-perceived inadequacies to attachment disorders. When an emotional situation occurs, it â€Å"produces extreme emotional tension† (Schlesinger, 1996) inside the future offender. Their underlying unresolved conflicts are ignited by the emotional event that has occurred and the future offender forms a rigid, delusional idea that they must act out violently to resolve the inner turmoil (Schlesinger, 1996). The essential feature of this crisis is the idea and the urge that they must act out violently to resolve the inner conflict (Schleslinger, 1996). In the context of familicidal murder, there are two types of offenders, accusatory and despondent (Schlesinger, 2000). The accusatory individual usually suspects a loved one of cheating or has a partner who is trying to end their relationship and they act out of jealousy and anger (Schlesinger, 2000). This type of offender is sexually motivated by sexual inadequacies and may have a history of violence (Schlesinger, 2000; Schlesinger, 2001). They strike out at the object of their jealously (Schlesinger, 2001). Conversely, the despondent type is severely depressed and â€Å"view themselves as failures† (Schlesinger, 2000, p. 200) and generally does not show hostility toward their attended victim before the attack (Schlesinger, 2000). It is within the context of the catathymic process that one can begin to understand why it is that these individuals resort to violence. Revich and Schlesinger, influenced by Wertham’s concept of catathymic crisis, developed their own catathymic process model (Schleslinger, 1996). They postulated that the catathymic process could be broken down between chronic and acute types (Schlesinger, 1996). In both types, there seems to be a transformation in thought pattern that influences the future offender to act. The acute type occurs when an offender’s underlying emotional conflicts are triggered by a situation and the offender reacts almost immediately with violence. For the acute catathymic process, the incubation period of emotions can be several seconds or longer, and then the individual acts out to resolve their inner conflict. The acute offenders experience a flattening of emotions after acting out. The victim is usually a stranger and, afterwards, it is common for the offender to have only partial memory of the act itself (Schlesinger, 1996). Schlesinger differentiates the acute catathymic viole nt act from â€Å"situational acts of violence and from assaults committed [because of] anger, fear, and jealousy or under the influence of paranoid delusions, drugs, or alcohol† (Schlesinger, 1996). Rather, a deep underlying conflict has been triggered by emotional tension that causes theses individuals to act violently (Schlesinger, 1996; Schlesinger, 2000). The chronic catathymic type exemplifies the type seen in despondent familicidal offenders, and is divided into three stages, incubation, violent act, and relief (Schlesinger, 1996). During the first stage, there is also a marked change in the individuals thinking process, usually accompanied by depression. This is triggered by â€Å"a build up of tension, a feeling of frustration, depression, and helplessness† (Schlesinger, 1996). The future offender begins to believe the only way out of their situation is to kill, either themselves or others (Schlesinger, 2001). Initially, the future offender is resistant to the idea of killing. The individual may seek help from outside sources, clergy, friends, a psychological counselor, and even tell the future victims themselves. However, they are often ignored. Despite the reluctance at first to accept the impulse to kill, the individual begins to believe that this is the only way out of their horrific, inescapable situation (Schle singer, 2000). The urge to carry out the plan to kill is all consuming. This incubation period can last from days up to a year before the offender acts out (Schlesinger, 1996). The second stage is the violent act itself. The victim of the attack is usually someone that the offender has had an interpersonal relationship with, or is an actual family member (Schlesinger, 1996). The third stage, relief, usually is comprised of the offender feeling an overwhelming sense of calm after committing the violent act. In addition, their homicidal thinking dissipates (Schlesinger, 2001). The â€Å"catathymic tension† is released with the murder (Schlesinger, 2000). Normally, the victims are remembered with sympathy, demonstrating that the violent act was a â€Å"means of securing liberation† (Schlesinger, 1996) for the victim not an act of anger or hate. Wertham believes that if the stage of relief is not met, then there is great risk that the offender will return to the belief that violence is the only way to resolve their inner conflict (Wertham, 1978). Filicide is a crime that leaves people angry, horrified, and predominantly mystified. In the case of Andrea Yates, adding to the mystery is the fact that the offender is a well-educated, middle class woman, who seemed to have all the family support and love ones needed to raise a healthy family. While the diagnosis of postpartum psychosis is being used to defend Andrea Yates’ actions, it does not explain why and how she was able to kill her children. The concept of chronic catathymic process does explain the mental process that could have attributed to Andrea’s mass murder. During the incubation stage, depression is the most prominent feature present. Accordingly, there is irreparable evidence that Andrea had been suffering from depression since the birth of her fourth child two years prior. This depression intensified with the birth of her fifth child. The development of postpartum depression, perhaps, was the emotional tension that triggered some sort of unresolved inner conflict within Andrea. The depressive state broke down her defensives and she became riddled with self-doubt and insecurity regarding her abilities to mother. Andrea began to feel helpless. She started to have obsessive thoughts that she was ruining her children’s’ lives. Ultimately, she developed the delusional thought pattern that, to save her children from herself, she must kill them. Initially, she fought against her drive to kill, evidenced by the fact that she sought help, and attempted suicide. In an attempt to save their lives, Andrea attempted to take her own life several times. As the research indicates, she reached out to mental health workers, telling them that she feared for her children’s’ lives. Neither her family nor her doctors believed that her children were in danger. However, her depression was not subsiding with medication and therapy and her obsessive thoughts began to make sense. It was then that Andrea Yates began to plan the murders. The catathymic tension could not be released without a violent act. As Wethram postulated, when her suicide attempt did not bring the relief she sought, she reverted to the planning stage or incubation stage of the catathymic process. She understood that the only way to relieve the pain that continually plagued her was to kill her children. Right after the killings, Andrea called the police and her husband. She had done what she needed to do, she saved them. Theoretically, Andrea Yates’ murderous acts were an expression of love. Being a new mother makes me want to know what drives someone to do something as cruel as to kill his or her own child or children, and get away with it. There have been many other cases since the case of Andrea Yates, but for some reason, this story was more compelling to research. Strain can cause someone to commit inhumane acts. Nevertheless, there should be stricter policies, for example, Yates not only should have been convicted of capital murder, but she should have received to death penalty, as soon as she was convicted. References Bernstein, A. (2001, June 27). Mom depicted as private, caring, burdened. HoustonChronicle.com, 1-6. Retrieved October 28, 2007 from chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/special/drownings/951166 Colb, S. F. (2001, July 4). Why Andrea Yates deserves compassion, not execution. FindLaw.com, 1-3, Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scpts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/colb/20010704.html Cullen, F. Agnew R. (2006) Criminological Theory Past To Present, Part V Feldman, C. (2001, July 5). Yates’ mother mystified by children’s drowning. HoustonChronicle.com, 1-5. Retrieved October 28, 2007, from chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/special/drownings/960277 Glenn, M., Rendon, R., Bernstien, A. (2001, June 27). Mom held in killing 5 kids: Children may have died in tub. HoustonChronicle.com, 1-6. Retrieved October 28, 2007, from chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/special/drownings/949223 Guileyardo, J., Prahloq, J. A. Barnard, J. J. (1999). Familial filicide and filicide classification. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 20 (3), 286-292. Haapasalo, J., Petaja, S. (1999). Mothers who killed or attempted to kill their child: Life circumstances, childhood Abuse, and types of killing. Violence and Victims, 14 (3), 219-238. McKee, G. R., Shea, S. J. (1998). maternal filicide: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54 (5), 679-687. Oglesby, C. (2001, June 27). Postpartum depression: More than ‘baby blues’. CNN.com, 1-3. Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www8.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/parenting/06/26/postpartum.depression Pitt, S. E., Bale, E. M. (1995). Neonaticide, infanticide, and filicide: A review of the literature. Bulletin of the American Psychiatry Law, 23 (3), 375-386. Satten, J., Menninger, K., Rosen I., Mayman, M. (1960). Murder without apparent motive: A study in personality disorganization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 48-53. Schlesinger, L. B. (1996). the catathymic crisis, 1912-Present: A review and clinical study. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1 (4), 307-316. Schlesinger, L. B. (2000). Familicide, depression and catathymic process. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 200-203. Teachey, L. (2001a, September 2). Release of Yates’ records a legal maneuver. HoustonChronicle.com, 1-5. Retrieved October, 28, 2007, from chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/special/drownings/1032138 Teachey, L. (2001b, September 21). Expert: Yates contemplated killing children for months. HoustonChronicle.com, 1-4. Retrieved October, 28 2007, from chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/special/drownings/1056637 Texas Mother charged with killing her 5 children. (2001, June 21). [On-Line], Retrieved October 28, 2007, from: http://www2.cnn.com/2001/US/06/20/children.killed Williams, D. (2001, August 8). Postpartum psychosis: A difficult defense. CNN.com, 1-2. Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www8.cnn.com/2001/%20-%20Postpartum%20psychosis%3A%20Adifficult%20 defense%20-11/3/01 Wertham, F. (1978). the catathymic crisis. In I.L. Kutash, S. B. Kutash, and L. B. Schlesinger (Eds). Violence: Perspectives on Murder and Aggression. (pp. 165-170). San Francisco: Jossy-Bass. Research Papers on Strain Theory and Postpartum PsychosisPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Three Concepts of PsychodynamicTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic Engineering

How Do You Say Thank You in German 12 Helpful Phrases

How Do You Say Thank You in German 12 Helpful Phrases SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you’re learning a new language, politeness is key. You’re almost guaranteed to make mistakes when speaking, but a lot of the confusion and awkwardness can be smoothed over with a few simple courtesy phrases. In this guide, we explain the most common way to say thank you in German, then give nearly a dozen other ways of expressing thanks so you always have the right phrase to use for every situation. We end with other polite phrases in German that you should know. The Most Common Way to Say â€Å"Thank You† in German How do you say â€Å"thank you† in German? The easiest and most common way to say thank you in German is â€Å"danke† (DAHN-keh). Your barista hands you a coffee? â€Å"Danke!† Someone holds a door open for you? â€Å"Danke!† A friend compliments your outfit? â€Å"Danke!† Danke most directly translates to â€Å"thanks† and it’s a great all-purpose word to use whenever you want to give someone a quick â€Å"thank you.† Below is a video on how to pronounce danke. Other Ways to Say Thanks in German Danke is the most common way to say thank you in German, but what if you’re looking for something a little more meaningful or formal? German has you covered! There are multiple ways to say thanks in German. Below are two charts of the most common ways of saying thank you. The first chart is informal ways to say thank you (use around friends and people you know), and the second is formal ways to say thank you (for strangers or professional situations). Informal Ways to Say Thank You in German English German Pronunciation Best of thanks Besten Dank BEST-in DAHNK I’m thankful to you (speaking to one person) Ich bin dir dankbar ish bin DEAR DAHNK-bar I’m thankful to you (speaking to more than one person) Ich bin euch dankbar ish bin oysh DAHNK-bar Many thanks Vielen Dank FEEL-en DAHNK No, thanks Nein, danke nine DAHN-keh Thanks a million (literally â€Å"thousand thanks†) Tausend Dank TAU-zent DAHNK Thank you for... Danke fà ¼r... DAHN-keh fe-ur Thank you very much Danke schà ¶n/ Danke sehr DAHN-keh shoon/ DAHN-keh zaer Formal Ways to Say Thank You in German English German Pronunciation Have many thanks Haben Sie vielen Dank HAHB-in zee FEE-lin DAHNK I’m thankful to you Ich bin Ihnen dankbar ish bin EEH-nun DAHNK-bar Many thanks for all Vielen Dank fà ¼r alles FEEL-en DAHNK fe-ur ALL-es Other Polite German Sayings Of course, courtesy doesn’t end with just thanking someone; there are many other polite phrases to know. Below is a table of other polite German phrases that are commonly used. You can see that there are multiple ways to say you’re welcome in German. Also notice that the word â€Å"Bitte† is very useful to know. It can mean please in German, as well as you’re welcome, pardon, and can I help you. English German Can you help me? Kà ¶nnen Sie mir helfen? Could you repeat that please? Kà ¶nnten Sie das bitte wiederholen? Excuse me Entschuldigung Goodbye (formal) Auf Wiedersehen Goodbye (informal) Tschà ¼ss Good morning Guten Morgen Good evening Guten Abend How are you? Wie geht es Ihnen? No problem Kein Problem Please Bitte (can also mean you’re welcome, pardon, and Can I help you?) You’re welcome (informal) Gern You’re welcome Gern geschehen You’re welcome Bitteschà ¶n Summary: Thank You in German How do you say thank you in German? It can depend on many factors, such as how formal the situation is and how many people you’re speaking to, but â€Å"danke† is the most common way to say thanks in German. If you want to really show your gratitude, â€Å"danke schà ¶n† is the most common way to say thank you very much in German. But what about other polite phrases? â€Å"Bitte† is the most common way to say please in German, and there are many ways to say you’re welcome in German, including â€Å"Gern geschehen† and â€Å"Bitteschà ¶n.† What's Next? Interested in learning Japanese, too?Learn how to say "good morning" in Japanese, plus nine other key greetings. What's the best foreign language to take in high school?If you're wondering which language to study, check out our guideon which foreign language you should learn in school. Want to say "hello" in other languages?We have a chart of dozens of ways to say hello in different languages. Check it out! (coming soon)

Haemophillia type A genetic disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Haemophillia type A genetic disease - Essay Example At times, there occurs a change in genes or mutation which alters the instructions present in genes for protein making. Then the protein either misses entirely or stops working properly, causing certain medical condition known as genetic disorder. So, a genetic disease refers to a disorder or illness that is caused by one or multiple defects and abnormalities present in the genome. It is particularly caused by a certain condition which is congenital (present since birth). Such disorders are usually rare to occur and, in several thousand, only one person is affected (Griffiths, Anthony; Wessler, Susan, Carroll, Sean, Doebley, John, p. 57). The genetic abnormality in many people may range from minor to major, or in other words, from a single base discrete mutation in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosome abnormality connecting the subtraction or addition of a set of chromosomes or chromosomes on whole. There are different types of genetic disorders; some are passed down to children from parents, while many other genetic abnormalities occur due to mutations or acquired changes in a preexisting group of genes or gene. It is usually due to the various environmental exposures that gene mutations occurs (MedicineNet). The disorders caused by mutation of genes may not be heritable sometimes, i.e., passed down to offspring from parents genes. The genetic disorders that are non-heritable as they may be defected by the new changes or mutations to the DNA. In these situations, if the defect occurs in germ line, only then, it will be heritable. On the other hand, the inherited genetic conditions in some people may be the reason for the occurrence of same disease, such as a particular type of cancer (Kuliev, Verlinsky, p.179–83). This happens mainly through the environmental reasons and also by new mutations in many other people. The inherited deficiencies of coagulation factors include Hemophilia A and B, also known as

The Dream Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Dream Job - Essay Example Hip-hop music involves rapping and ‘MC-ing’, terms that were coined in the 1970s to describe the action of rhythmically uttering a certain set of lyrics following certain beats. Usually, rapping has stood the test of time in describing what hip-hop artists do, an attribute that makes their music outstanding (Hess 56). Evidently, rapping is distinctly different from singing, and requires a level of talent and creativity. In other cases, hip-hop artist may wrap some stanzas of a song and then sing the chorus. Rapping has certain choreographic moves that accompany the rhythmical lyrics. Evidently, hip-hop musicians must exhibit expertise in performance and demonstrate the ability to create a fan base and be able to entertain them. Music plays a critical role of entertaining although a percentage of the audience considers the theme of the lyrics. The job responsibilities of a hip-hop artist may be tasking because they include composition of the lyrics, choice of the appropriate moves, design, and pattern of the choreographic moves, audio and video production, performance at different concerts, and marketing trips (Hess 87). Composition of the lyrics is the initial stage in any music genre. This needs talent because the artist must exhibit expertise of putting together rhythmical words. An artist may also rely on the composition of another individual, while paying royalties as dictated by the legal requirements. Different instruments are used in the production of the beats with the expertise of the producer. An artist requires choreography classes in order to have moves that conform to the lyrics and the beats (Katz 67). With the help of the producer, an artist can record an audio version of the music. Videoproduction is more demanding and requires an entire crew on board. Performance at different concerts requires energy and enthusiasm as it involves direct interactions with fans. Developing a musical